Industrial heat exchangers explained, learn the different types of heat exchangers used and how they work with examples.
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Almost every industrial facility relies on the transfer of thermal energy to generate electricity, control systems and working environments and even manufacture products. So how do engineers control this? That’s what we’ll be covering in this article, which is kindly sponsored by Super Radiator Coils, one of the leaders in heat exchanger productions for commercial, industrial, and even nuclear markets. All engineering design, performance, testing and manufacturing takes place in house are one of their three divisions in Chaska, Minnesota, Richmond, Virginia, and Phoenix, Arizona. When it has to be perfect, it has to be super.
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A heat exchanger is simply a device used to transfer thermal energy between two fluids without them mixing. Fluids can be either a liquid or a gas or even a mixture of either of these.
Take this oil, for example. We need to increase its temperature, but we don’t want to apply a flame directly to the storage unit. Instead, we will boil some water and cycle this through a simple heat exchanger. The oil is normally also cycled through the heat exchanger where it will safely absorb the heat of the water. The thermal energy is being transferred from the hot water through the metal wall and into the oil.
The water and oil never meet or mix. They are always completely separated. There must be a temperature difference for the heat to transfer and heat always flows from hot to cold. We could also cool the oil down by pumping cold water through the heat exchanger. The cold water will now absorb the thermal energy of the oil.
We see heat exchangers used everywhere from air conditioning units, engine cooling radiators in cars and even on the back of refrigerators. However, industrial heat exchangers are a little different because they often work in extreme environments, such as nuclear power stations, oil refineries, food processing plants and factories, which all involve working in high pressure and high temperatures. Therefore, these units are built sturdier and from more robust materials. The working environments are often corrosive, so they are chemically treated to handle this. These heat exchangers or handle fluids such as water, steam, air, refrigerants, oil, chemicals, gases, food products, etc.
There are five main types of industrial heat exchangers, although there are many variations of each design. Let’s look at a thin tube heat exchanger first, which is probably the most common design use.
A typical thin tube heat exchanger looks something like this. We see there is an Inlet and an outlet. These are both us located on the same end. These connections are typically flanged, but they could be threaded or soldered depending on the application and the pressures of the working fluids. Running between the Inlet and the outlet is a tube which will contain and direct one of the working fluids, for example, hot water. The tubes will be covered with many thin sheets of metal known as thins. The thins increase the surface area of the tube wall, allowing more heat to transfer the other fluid.
For example, ambient air will pass over the outside of this tube between the tins. The two fluids will never mix. The heat passes from the hot water through the tube wall and into the air. The heat of the water travels out through the pipe wall and into the fins. The fins increase the surface area and allow more interaction with the Airstream, which improves the heat transfer.
In some designs, the fluid will simply flow through the entire length of the tube. Other designs will have the fluid pass through multiple tubes at the same time. These will be connected to a header of the Inlet as well as the outlet to facilitate the distribution through the tubes. For example, these are used on a gas turbine power station to cool the intake air, which will be sucked into the turbine and combusted.
This helps the turbine run an optimal performance in hot and humid conditions. A chiller pumps cold water to the heat exchanger, which then flows through the tubes. The warm ambient air passes over the outside of these tubes. The thermal energy transfers from the hot air and into the cold water. The air will leave cooler and enter the turbine.
The water leaves warmer and heads back to the chiller, where the unwanted heat will be rejected back into the atmosphere.
Shell and tube heat exchangers will look something like this. With this design, we normally find the Inlet and the outlet for one fluid at the very end of the heat exchanger, known as the header. Then we have another Inlet and outlet for fluid two on the main body, known as the shell. Inside the unit, we have the tubes. These bend and loop around to start and finish at the tube plate, which sits between the shell and the header.
The tubes will usually also pass through some baffles, which are sheets of metal. We will see how these work in just a moment. The header, as well as the tubes, can be removed for cleaning, repairs, and maintenance. Inside the header is a sheet of metal known as the divider or the partition. This separates the tube ends, enabling the fluid to flow into and then out of the heat exchanger tubes.
Fluid one will flow through the header into and around the tubes, then back to the header. Fluid two will enter the shell and surround the outside of the tubes. The baffles will partially block the flow, which will force the fluid to turn multiple times. This creates a turbulent flow and ensures that fluid two mixes with itself, which ensures maximum heat transfer. For example, we might find this in a pharmaceutical factory with a boiler providing steam into the shell, which surrounds the tubes. A chemical product is then pumped through the tubes and this absorbs the heat of the steam through the tube wall.
So this product is going to exit the heat exchanger much warmer. Meanwhile, the steam will start to condense into a liquid and flow back to the boiler to pick up more heat and repeat the cycle. Additionally, these are used in refrigeration applications like this industrial chiller. We have the water flowing through the tubes, and the hot refrigerant in the shell. The water will absorb the heat of the refrigerant so that it can transport this to the cooling tower, where it will be ejected into the atmosphere.
The water returns cooler to pick up more unwanted thermal energy from the chiller. We have covered how chillers work in great detail previously, do check those articles out HERE.
Double pipe or tube in tube type heat exchangers will look something like this.
This is similar to the shell and tube heat exchanger because essentially we just have a tube which runs back and forth a number of times between an Inlet and an outlet. This is surrounded by a shell which has another Inlet and outlet. A metal frame will hold the unit in place. Typically, these will all be made from stainless steel. One fluid will flow through the tube and another will flow through the shell.
The two fluids are separated by the tub wall and transfer thermal energy through this tube wall. The different configurations result in different temperature profiles and heat transfer. In this design, the bend at each end isn’t utilised for heat transfer and heat can be wasted here. However, manufacturing this heat exchanger is cheaper and obviously easier. Other designs like this hairpin type heat exchanger, which are often found in oil refineries, will encapsulate the bend to fully utilise the surface area for heat transfer.
This version normally uses multiple tubes to maximise the surface area and thus increase the heat transfer. Although this will also increase the resistance, these are a fairly simple heat exchanger design and are very common, particularly in food processing as well as pharmaceutical production. For example, we might have a dairy product flowing through the tube and then we have hot water or maybe even steam flowing in the opposite direction through the shell, which will warm the product up to a certain temperature before it is mixed with some other ingredients and then bottled.
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Industrial plate heat exchangers look something like this. They consist of a thick metal cover on the front as well as the rear of the unit, which is typically made from mild steel. There are two inlets and two outlets, which are normally flanged connections. In most designs, we find all four ports located on the front plate, as this allows the heat exchanger to be easily extended or reduced to accommodate a future change in operation. Most heat exchangers do not have this ability.
Between the end covers, we find a number of plates which are thin sheets of metal with a pattern stamped into them. Typically, these will be made from stainless steel. These patterns will help direct the fluids and create a very turbulent flow, which increases the heat transfer. Between each of these plates is a seal known as a gasket. This is typically made from rubber. These gaskets separate the plates, creating a thin channel between them, which fluid can then flow through.
On each plate the gasket will block two of the four ports, meaning only one fluid can enter and exit. The next plate will allow the second fluid to pass. This alternate throughout the heat exchanger and keeps the two fluids completely separated. Only the thermal energy will flow through the sheets. The entire unit is held together with some long bolts, which compress the gaskets to form a very tight seal.
These heat exchangers are very common for heating and cooling. For example, an incinerator power plant burns household waste to generate heat. This creates steam, which drives a turbine and generates electricity. The waste thermal energy then passes through a plate heat exchanger to heat a district heating network and other buildings will then connect to this heat network also via a plate heat exchanger to supply their own heating demands. This will be instead of them operating their own individual boiler.
Spiral heat exchangers look something like this. We have a flanged Inlet on the front face with the outlet located on the top. Then we have an Inlet from another fluid also on the top, with the outlet located on the rear face. Behind the end plates, we find two sheets of metal inside, which spiral together around the interior to form a channel which the fluids will now flow through. The channel completely separates the two fluids.
We see the first fluid enters the heat exchanger and fills the Chamber, then flows around the channel into the outlet. Meanwhile, on the other side, the second fluid is entering by the top, flowing around the channel and into the Chamber, where it then exits. The two fluids enter and exit at different temperatures. This type of heat exchanger isn’t as commonly used, however, because the design has only one channel for the fluid to flow through, the velocity remains high, making it harder for fouling to occur. Whereas plate and even tube exchangers divide the flow into multiple paths.
Exchangers are easily one of the most important and widely used pieces of process equipment found in industrial sites. Regardless of the particular industry in question, it will likely require some type of temperature regulation, and for that, exchangers, along with heat exchanger service, are likely to come into play. Exchangers may be used for either heating or cooling, however, in the industrial sector, particularly within plants and refineries, they are overwhelmingly used for cooling. Let’s dive a little deeper into what they are, why they are needed, how they work, and how they are classified.
As their name implies industrial heat exchangers are pieces of industrial equipment which are designed to exchange or transfer heat from one medium to another. The heat exchange may be for the primary purpose of heating up elements or cooling it down. Within the industrial sector, cooling tends to be the more prevalent function in order to prevent equipment or volatile substances from overheating. There are many different types of heat exchangers, each with their own advantages and drawbacks, yet tailored to best suit different purposes and industries.
Heat exchangers have a very broad range of industrial applications. They are used as components of air conditioning and cooling systems or of heating systems. Many industrial processes call for a certain degree of heat to function; however, typically great care must be taken to keep these processes from getting too hot. Within industrial plants and factories, heat exchangers, which often undergo a heat exchanger cleaning process, are required to keep machinery, chemicals, water, gas, and other substances within a safe operating temperature. Heat exchangers, when maintained with heat exchanger cleaning and maintenance services, may also be used to capture and transfer steam or heat exhaust that is released as a byproduct of a process or operation so that the steam or heat can be put to better use elsewhere, thereby increasing efficiency and saving the plant money.
Different types of heat exchangers work in different ways, use different flow arrangements, equipment, and design features. One thing that all heat exchangers have in common is that they all function to directly or indirectly expose a warmer medium to a cooler medium, hence, exchanging heat. This is usually accomplished by using a set of tubes housed within some type of casing. Heat exchanger fans, condensers, belts, coolants, additional tubes and lines, along with other components and equipment work to increase heating and cooling efficiency or improve flow.
Heat Exchangers are generally classified by one of the following four metrics:
This first heat exchanger classification method refers to whether or not the substances between which the heat is being exchanged come into direct contact with each other or not, or whether they are separated by a physical barrier, such as the walls of their tubes.
Direct Contact Heat Exchangers – Direct contact heat exchangers bring the hot and cold fluids into direct contact with each other within the tubes rather than relying on radiant heat or convection. Direct contact is an extremely effective means of transferring heating since the contact is direct, but naturally for direct contact to be used it must be safe, or even desired to have the fluids come in contact with each other. Direct contact heat exchangers may be a good choice if the hot and cold fluid are merely different temperature variations of the same fluid, or if the fluid mixture is a desired or irrelevant part of the industrial process.
Indirect Contact Heat Exchangers – Indirect contact heat exchangers keep the hot and cold fluids physically separated from each other. Typically indirect contact heat exchangers will keep the hot and cold fluids in different sets of pipes and instead rely on radiant energy and convection to exchange the heat. This is commonly done to prevent contamination or pollution of one fluid by the other.
Heat Exchangers may also be classified based on the physical state of the hot and cold fluids. For instance:
If the heat exchanger uses direct contact then the classification “immiscible liquid – liquid” may also exist to refer to liquids that will not blend together. For example oil and water are immiscible.
The arrangement of the hot and cold fluid’s flow within the heat exchanger is another major way of categorizing them. The three major categories based on flow arrangement are: parallel-flow, countercurrent-flow, and cross-flow.
Parallel-Flow – In parallel-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger from the same end and flow parallel to each other.
Countercurrent-Flow – In countercurrent-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger from opposite sides and flow toward each other.
Cross-Flow – In cross-flow heat exchangers the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at different points and as they travel through the heat exchanger they cross paths with each other, often at right angles.
To ensure the longevity and efficiency of heat exchangers, regular heat exchanger service is crucial. This includes routine inspections, performance checks, and necessary heat exchanger repair. A professional heat exchanger cleaning company can provide specialized heat exchanger cleaning services, ensuring that the equipment runs at its optimal capacity.
The heat exchanger cleaning process is a meticulous procedure that ensures the removal of any residues or build-ups. This not only enhances the efficiency of the heat exchanger but also prolongs its lifespan. Regular cleaning, especially heat exchanger cleaning, is essential to prevent potential operational issues.
The industrial heat exchanger plays a pivotal role in various sectors, including chemical plants, petroleum refineries, and power plants. Their primary function is to regulate temperature, ensuring that machinery and substances maintain a safe operating range.