What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of waterproof and non-slip sach foot services

9.2 Types & parts

Currently four types of basically designed prostheses are used for SA.

Goto Wonderfu to know more.

The Canadian design or posterior door design, also used for Chopart’s amputation is the commonly used prosthesis for individuals with large or bulbous residual limbs. Disadvantages of this prosthesis is heavier in weight when considered as a cosmetic option.

Medial door design (Figure 6) is a commonly used prostheis. It has great suspension due to intimate construction nature of the socket. It consists of an expandable door made up of an elastic sleeve which improves cosmesis and helps in donning and doffing process.

An expandable inner liner which is enclosed within the rigid outer shell. It has a hidden-panel expandable wall which is used for small distal ends.

Preparatory prosthesis which consists of a removable foam liner (Figure 7) that interfaces with the external socket. This allows or has the ability to modify accordingly further allowing for atrophy during maturation process by using the patellar tendon to assist by unloading the limb. It is lightweight and easily adjustable hence considered as the one with great cosmesis. Proximal region at the level of patella tendon or below can be trimmed as the amputee progresses with limb maturation.

A modified Jones compression dressing is used postoperatively to control edema and to help shape the stump [7].

11.1 Biomechanical principles of prosthesis and gait in prosthetic leg

The gait cycle which consists of two stages will also be termed as walking cycle. Initial contact is the first step in the starting point and the end point in every gait cycle. A single gait cycle has two phases. The stance phase and the swing phase. The stance phase is the initial step in which the foot contact starts followed by other steps in the ground. The stance phases contribute about 60% of the gait cycle and the swing phase contributes about 40% of the gait cycle. The swing denotes the single leg support in which the foot is off the ground.

The pattern of gait in subjects with prosthesis will present an altered gait pattern. Here the foot contact on the ground and the weight distribution on the foot is the key factor to be noted. The foot contact will occur on the heel in such a way the walking cycle will be as natural as possible. In this situation the sole of the foot will contact the ground and the weight is transmitted to the foot. Thus, the selection of foot component and the knee joint must be proper. This is because this will have an influence on the subject’s gait when he turns on to the next phase [9].

During swing phase, the knee function is so important so that the mobility on the knee joint performing both flexion and extension facilitating the foot transition from plantar flexion to dorsiflexion i.e toe elevation. This will prevent the subject from stumbling and subsequent fall.

The residual limb must be placed on the socket which provides rigid and stable attachment to the limb. This aids control over the subject’s limb during walking. The prosthesis socket can be divided into 3 parts. The top region of the socket is known as seating face. The central part of the socket is the primary control area. The function of the central part is to ensure correct movement and restrain it in the PA direction during walking. The last part is the distal socket end. This part will transfer only 10% of the subject weight to avoid abnormal weight transfer and this will cause subsequent damage to the soft tissues. The socket must be able to transfer the load thereby it ensures good stability of the subject’s gait with better control [10].

If you want to learn more, please visit our website waterproof and non-slip sach foot services.

During standing, there will be a stretching of gluteus medius muscle. This will maintain the pelvis in a balanced position. For a subject with lower limb amputation this pelvis position is taken care by the prosthetic socket. In a transverse oval socket of transfemoral prosthesis, the pressure on the distal femur end increases and the body is excessively bending aside to reduce the pressure. It is a non-physiological load transfer, as the load is transferred through the tuberosity of the ischium which reduces the arm of the exerted force and the overturning moments are increased.

If there is any problem in procedure of construction and principles in aligning the prosthesis, there will be an abnormal deviation that may develop during gait. This gait deviations uses more energy expenditure during walking. Once this is practiced as a routine, may result in over use of certain muscle groups which also causes muscle imbalance.

In most cases, the improper construction of the transfemoral prosthesis and transtibial prosthesis includes

1. On circumduction, the foot swings outward which increases resistance to knee flexion with prosthesis. Here the prosthesis knee flexion has been limited for a reason. Thus, the subject has developed the avoidance mechanism.

2. The lateral flexion of the spine, the subject presents a leaning gait with the shoulder depressed towards the affected side. This is due to prosthetic foot is outset greater than 25mm, incorrect prosthesis length, insufficient adduction or amputee sensitivity.

3. Excessive heel raise, where the heel of the prosthetic foot comes up too far and too quickly. This is due to prosthetic knee flexion resistance is inadequate for the patient.

4. Drop off during the late stance, the subject presents excessive knee flexion. This is due to softness of the keel of the prosthetic foot. Also, the toe lever of the foot is too short of the heel height of the shoe is too high.

5. Foot slap, this occurs along with rapid and abnormal plantar flexion movement immediately after heel contact. This is due to insufficient resistance to plantar flexion on the prosthetic foot.

Thus, if there is an improper prosthetic fitting, there will be pain and altered muscle activity during execution of the normal daily activities. This pain may cause lateral asymmetry of the body which is due to incorrect length of the prosthesis or incorrect selection of the prosthetic component. This wrong construction can lead to abnormal force transmission, overloading the various muscles involved and also damage to the soft tissues which may affect the integration of the stump function.

For more prosthetic toolsinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.

• 2.  Over the past decade, options in prosthetic feet have expanded to more than 50 different models. Today, amputees have a wide array of feet to choose from, designed for walking, dancing, cycling, golfing, swimming, snow skiing and running.  Heavier wood and steel materials have been replaced by lightweight plastics, aerospace alloys and carbon-fiber composites.  Much like the human foot , many of to day’s prosthetic feet can store and return some of the energy generated during walking. Ref: A publication of the amputee coalition of america in partnership with the U.S Army Amputee patient care program
• 3.  Provide a base for the weight bearing.  Shock absorption and controlled plantarflexion in loading response.  Accomodation to uneven terrain and controlled advancement of the prosthetic shank during midstance.  Heel rise and weight transfer during terminal stance.  Transmission through double support and preparation for the swing phase. Ref:- Michelle M. Lucardi, Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitaion, 2nd edition, 422.
• 4. Three main functions of human foot and ankle:-  shock absorption,  Weight-bearing stability, and  Progression/limb advancement.  Ref:- Perry J. Gait Analysis; Normal and pathological function. New York, Mcgraw-Hill,, 11-16
• 5.  The Prosthetic foot duplicates each biomechanical motion with a mechanical substitute.  This biomechanical motion dependent on the position of the components of the foot as well as their motion and structure.  An individual with an amputation has no physical connection between the musculature of the residual limb and prosthetic foot, so prosthetic foot must substitute the bony anatomy as well as loss of muscle action. Ref:- Michelle M. Lucardi, Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitaion, 2nd edition, 422.
• 6.  Important component of loading response.  While the foot plays an important role, the entire limb contributes to shock absorption.  Stance phase knee flexion follows ankle plantarflexion.  Eccentric dorsiflexor muscle action provides muscular shock absorption during ankle motion.  The anatomical structure of the foot contributes to shock absorption through tarsal mobility and various joint articulations.  The series of lower limb joint motions transforms the lower limb and specifically the foot and ankle complex into a loose packed structure that accepts weight bearing and provides shock absorption. Ref:- Human Foot and Ankle Versus Prosthetic Foot/Ankle Mechanism Function
• 7.  Weightbearing Stability is essential as the contralateral limb leaves the ground.  Advancement of the loading force vector from the hindfoot to the forefoot places an increasingly greater demand on intertarsal and metatarsal alignment to alter the foot and ankle complex from a loose packed and flexible structure to close packed and rigid structure.  Meanwhile, the medial longitudinal arch remains effective at absorbing energy and adapting to uneven surfaces and variable ground reaction forces.
• 8.  After midstance, a series of alignment changes occur between the hip, knee and tibia that reverse from internal rotation to external rotation.  The hindfoot and midfoot tarsals and forefoot metatarsals and phalanges gradually transform the foot to a rigid lever structure capable of transferring loading, providing stability and assisting in propulsion in late stance phase.  Locking of the subtalar joint.  From midstance to late stance and upon heel rise, tension creates upon the plantar fascia to effectively shorten its length.  “Windlass effect” transform the transverse tarsal joint into a closed packed position.  The closed packed position creates a rigid lever system capable of transferring loading across the foot at the push off phase of gait.
• 9.  The foot moves into the forefoot rocker from terminal stance to pre-swing. Although the forefoot remains in contact with the ground, the body is progressing through contralateral swing in preparation for ipsilateral swing.  At the end of stance phase, forefoot dorsiflexion reaches a peak, maximizing the windlass effect.
• 10. 1. Shock absorption:-  Prosthetic components emulate shock absorption But have far fewer mechanisms to do so.  They lack sufficient triplanar rotary motion or variable loading stability.  It emulate the the shock absorption by two ways A. Recreating the first rocker, B. Attempt a completely different shock absorption approach
• 11. A. Recreating the first rocker:-  The single axis foot uses a hinge to recreate sagittal plantarflexion and dorsiflexion.  Shock absorption occurs through the dissipation of energy in the plantarflexion bumper.  Material properties of the bumper affect the amount of energy dissipation
• 12. B. Trying something different:  The cushion heel of the SACH design provides shock absorption.  ESAR designs provides shock absorption through material compression.  Deformation of the cushion heel of the SACH foot design and several other types of feet under loading allows shock absorption in the absence of simulated ankle plantarflexion. Material compression
• 13.  Prosthetic foot/ankle mechanism requires softness at initial stance and the stiffness required at terminal stance.  A prosthetic foot/ankle mechanism with flexible keel and forefoot will encounter knee instability due to deformation of the prosthetic forefoot during terminal stance.  One disadvantage in foot/ankle mechanism designs with a cushion type heel is the prolonged "heel-only" contact. This produces an unstable external knee flexion moment until the forefoot makes contact.  EMG studies reveal prolonged co-contraction of hamstrings and quadriceps muscle groups to maintain stability.  Knee instability associated with prolonged loading upon the heel may also result in more falls when persons with limb loss walk on low-friction surfaces such as wet tile or ice.
• 14.  Progressive stiffness is directly influenced by the composition and geometry of the forefoot keel.  Composition may consist of multi-carbon plates, a urethane "sandwich," or a carbon footplate.  The geometry may be the cross-sectional taper and angle or curve of the keel as well as the surrounding material provide spring stiffness..  A wide blade width accommodates a wide variety of center of pressure (COP) pathways, but may decrease efficiency overall. Geometry of keel Composition of keel
• 15.  Categories of the prosthetic foot are based on the combination of functional tasks that they are designed to simulate.  Classification:- 1. Nonarticulating feet 2. Articulating design (Single axis, multi-axial feet) 3. Prosthetic feet with elastic keel 4. Dyanamic response or energy storing feet
• 16.  SACH FEET:-  It is available since .  Todays SACH foot differs very little in Principle from those in early design.  It has no true moving parts or articulations.  Relies on the flexibility of its structure for Joint motion simulation.  Parts:- Keel:- Firm keel surrounded by dense yet Flexible foam to give shape to the foot. Heel:- A cushion wedge is placed under the keel in the posterior of the foot. Belting:- Rubberised belting is attached to the distal area of the keel and extends to the end of the toes.
• 17.  This belting simulates to flexors and assist in giving a slight resistance to MP extension during preswing, thus preventing a feeling of dropping off of the toe during this phase of gait.  Types:- 1. SACH Foot with External keel 2. SACH Foot with Internal keel INTERNAL KEEL EXTERNAL KEEL
• 18.  Jaipur Foot is an improved version of a conventional SACH (Solid Ankle Cushion Heel) foot rather to say a dynamic foot with shorter/flexible keel.  It is basically a soft multi axial foot, meaning that it is flexible along multiple axes.  The greatest advantage of Jaipur foot over SACH foot is that it allows all natural movement of the foot including Dorsiflexion movement and looks like a natural foot.  It provides enough dorsiflexion to permit an amputee to squat.
• 20. SACH Foot •Wooden Keel is long enough to restrict/limit movements in all direction and what so ever movements take place they occur at unnatural sites. •.Squatting is not possible with SACH foot as it requires dorsiflexion at ankle joint, which due to its rigid keel is not possible. •.No cross- leg sitting is possible because it requires adduction at forefoot & transverse rotation of foot in relation to shank. •.As there is almost no movement at sub- tarsal joint inversion or eversion is not possible; so SACH Foot is suitable only for walking on level ground walking on uneven grounds & rough terrain is very uncomfortable. •.Bare-Foot walking is not possible. Jaipur foot •Metallic keel (carriage bolt) is confined to ankle only. So no restriction of movement and all the movements take place at natural sites. •.Squatting is easily achieved; as a sufficient range of dorsiflexion is attainable comfortably. • .Cross- legged sitting is possible because sufficient forefoot adduction & transverse rotation of foot in relation to shank is available. •.As there is adequate inversion & eversion at subtarsal level, so walking on uneven ground and rough terrain is very comfortable. • .Bare-Foot walking is possible.
• 21.  At initial contact and loading response:-  Cushioned heel provides for shock absorption.  Compression of the heel cushion simulates the The action of the lost pre-tibial muscle group .  Compression also allows controlled progression into The early stance phase.  In transtibial amputee it provide early stance Stability by limiting rapid knee flexion during Loading response.  Soft heel cushion can be chosen for a stable foot flat position very quickly. Ref:- Michelle M. Lucardi, Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitaion, 2nd edition,
• 22.  Midstance:-  SACH foot has no true inversion and eversion motion to accommodate uneven terrain.  The rubber structure may aid in, but i.e very negligient amount.  Simulation of the ankle rocker is controlled through the keel of the foot.  The rigid keel offers resistance to tibial advancement until the weight line is past the toe break of the foot.
• 23.  Terminal stance:-  Heel rise during toe rocker and progression are function of the length of the keel.  Some SACH foot use various keel lengths or densities but mostly use keel length corresponds to length of the foot.  In late stance .the prosthetic foot stable and resists rapid heel rise until the weight line passes the toe break, where the keel ends.  When weight line reached at the end of the keel toe dorsiflexion begins.  If keel is too short, early heel rise and rapid knee flexion occurs.  If keel is too long, heel rise and knee extension moment delayed.  Toe break simulates dorsiflexion.  Toe dorsiflexion is controlled by belting, so the tibial progression smoothly.  Dorsiflexed toe offer little weight bearing support.  It also depends on alignment with socket and foot,.  Flexibility of the belting material adds a small elastic motin to help in knee flexion as the prosthetic foot moves towards the preswing phase.
• 24.  Indication:- Prosthetic users at the level of household and limited community ambulation.  Contraindication:- In high level activities and sports or if the user must traverse uneven terrain.
• 25.  Advantages:- 1. Extreme durable. 2. Requires very little maintenance throughout the life of the foot. 3. It has wide variety of heel heights. 4. Excellent shock absorption characteristic. 5. Often recommended for use in temporary or preparatory prosthesis. 6. Light wt. 7. Low cost.  Disadvantages:- 1. Inherent lack of flexibility. 2. Inability to accommodate uneven terrain. 3. Proper alignment is very difficult because of lack of movable artculations. 4. Its design and construction allows optimal performance during relaxed walking cadence and in a single alignment configuraton.
• 27.  Sten foot:- Stored energy foot  Dual articulated wooden keel.  Tarsometarsal & metatarsophalangeal keel articulation Provide smoother roll over.  cushioned heel provide shock absorption.  Externally it uses kinsgley foot mold & rubber.  Heavier than SACH foot.  Expensive than SACH foot.  In higher level amputee knee buckle occurs. Rubber plugs
• 28.  Single –Axis foot:-  It simulated a ankle joint that actually Permits motion about the plane of the joint Axis.  This design was the first true articulating Foot.  Direct descendant of the historic conventional Wooden foot. Structure:- 1. Keel with a molded rubber foot shell. 2. Ankle articulation – made of steel, with replaceable plastic bushing. 3. Toes:- reinforced with flexible belting , attached to the keel to give a degree of stiffness, while still retaining flexibilty. 4. Plantar flexion bumper:- compression of the rubber bumper allows upto 15 degree plantarflexion. 5. Dorsiflexion bumper:- compression of the anterior bumper allows 5-7 degrees of dorsiflexion.
• 29. At Initial contact & loading response:-  Shock absorption occurs due to combined compression of the rubber heel & plantar flexion bumper.  when Heel reaches full compression , the force is transferred To the plantarflexion bumper.  Plantarflexion bumper begins to compress and absorb shock of ground.  Control the descent of the foot.  Bumper can be of varying durometers or firmness.  Denser the rubber bumper more resistance to plantarflexion and a knee flexion moment create.  In soft heel bumper, foot reaches in flat position quickly.  Ref:- Michelle M. Lucardi, Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitaion, 2nd edition,
• 30.  At midstance:-  Articulation allows only sagittal plane motion.  Accomodation to uneven terrain.  No true coronal plane movement.  Inversion/eversion motion is due to inherent flexibility within the rubber portion of the foot and toes.  Combination of the dorsiflexion bumper and solid keel controls the advancement of the prosthesis tibial shank during midstance.  After full dorsiflexion movement keel acts as a rocker to continue the tibial shank progression.
• 31.  At Terminal stance & preswing:  Heel rise is determined by dorsiflexion bumper or stop.  Force is transferred to the foot, heel rise is intiated once the bumper is fully engaged.  The length of the keel in the foot also contributes to the control of heel rise.  Once the end point of ankle dorsiflexion is reached, the distal portion of the keel acts as a rocker.  When the force is transferred to the end of the keel, toe dorsiflexion begins.  At the initiation of the preswing functions is same as SACH foot.
• 32.  Indications:-  Transtibial amputee with adequate knee extensors.  Nonremrdiable strength impairment  Short residual limb.  Transfemoral amputee with good hip extensors.  Contraindication:-  Patient with poor aerobic capacity.  Strength impairment.
• 33.  Advantages:- 1. Able to reach a stable foot –flat position quickly in the early stance. This advantageous for activities that have an impact on knee stability. 2. Reduces the need for strong knee extension in loading response. 3. Reduces the knee flexion moment during loading response. 4. Capability of changing the durometers of the bumper to suit the needs and activity level of the users.  Disadvantages:- 1. Increased wt. 2. Needs maintenance. 3. Increased energy demand. 4. occasional service for normal wear and tear. 5. Bushing in the joint needs to be replaced. 6. With repeated loading bumper can fatigue over time.
• 34.  This foot operates in a similar manner to the single-axis foot, using various combinations of rubber bumpers.  Allows coronal, transverse and sagittal motion.  Stability is found at only at the extremes of each plane of motion.  These foot/ankle mechanisms can be a simple split-keel variety, a carbon plate urethane overmolded sandwich, a hindfoot articulation or a combination of these designs.  Available in variety of styles. 1. The Greissinger foot (Ottobock industries) 2. Multiflex ankle-foot(Endolite America)
• 35.  Widespread use in Europe and limited But steady success in US.  Features:-  Wooden keel- sorrounded by a molded Rubber foot.  Wooden ankle interface- connected to the keel of the foot by a U bolt & yoke assembly. Allow inv/evrsion and rotation.  Rubber bumper – between ankle bolt & U bolt  Plantarflexion bumper- posteriorly ,  Dorsiflexion bumper- anteriorly.  need of maintenance of the rubber & plastic parts  Heavy in wt.
• 36.  Has fewer moving parts, needs reduced maintenance.  Structure:- 1. Ball & stem assembly:- provide resistance to plantarflexion. 2. Snubber:- provide resistance to dorsiflexion. 3. internal Keel Ball & stem assembly Snubber
• 37.  At initial contact & loading response:-  Shock absorption is provided by the compression rubber ball & stem.  During shock absorption compression O ring occurs between ankle & foot.  As weight is applied compression of the rubber ball provide controlled progression to midstance.  Plantar flexion resistance can be adjusted by changing the bumper or O ring.
• 38.  At Midstance:-  Multiaxial foot accomodates to uneven terrain in all the 3 planes.  True inversion/eversion is allowed by compression of the rubber rocker insert.  As this foot allows transverse rotation, it allows to abosrb the rotational forces.  Tibial advancement is controlled by the stiffness of the rubber components of the ankle.  Once Full compression of the rubber components is reached, force is transferred to the foot.  The length of the keel determines the continued amount of resistance during terminal stance.
• 39.  At Terminal stance:-  Heel rise is controlled by keel length & rubber components.  At the end of the dorsiflexion, distal portion of the keel acts as rocker.  At heel rises the foot pivots over the edge of the keel,  Toe dorsiflexion is controlled by the construction of the toe area.  Toe break is present at the end of the keel,  Belting is attached at the end of the keel to provide elasticity.  Preswing phase this elasticity and inner supporting structure provise spring action. Toe rocker
• 40.  Indications:- 1. Those with mechanical instability of their anatomical knee 2. Poor postural control. 3. Vulnerable skin or fixed adhesion along the incision line of residual limb  Contraindications:- 1. Muscle weakness 2. An individual unwilling to schedule regular maintenance.
• 41.  Advantages:- 1. Accommodate uneven terrain in more than one plane. 2. Useful for reducing torque forces on the residual limb during stance. 3. The density of the rubber bumpers can be changed for accomodation to user’s weight & activity level.  Disadvantage:- 1. Motion is allowed in all 3 planes, provides less static stability. 2. Muscle weakness people may not feel stable. 3. Heavier than non-articulating, elastic keel or dyanamic response foot. 4. Needs regular maintenance for moving parts. 5. Bushing and bumpers may wear and tear with use.
• 42.  The elastic keel foot is designed to mimic the Movement characteristic of human foot without use of the true articulation.  Such a task requires the design attention to be placed Primarily on the keel of the foot and the material surrounding the foot shell.  The elastic keel foot mimics the windlass effect of Plantar fascia.  Several version of this type of foot is available.  SAFE II foot is a classical example of elastic keel Foot.
• 43.  SAFE II FOOT:-  Solid attachment flexible endoskeleton foot. Structure:- 1. Cushioned heel 2. Keel- two parts 3. Short plantar band 4. Long plantar band 5. Toe break Heel Proximal keel Distal keel Plantar band Toe break
• 44.  At initial contact & loading response:-  Heel cushion and relative movement of the rigid block within the foot shell provides shock absorption.  In some foot keel flexibility also provides shock absorption. o At midstance;- o The differences in this feet become apparent during the transitions from early stance through midstance to terminal stance.  Inversion/eversion is simulted by flexilbility of the elastic keel.  Accomodation to terrain occurs between keel & its sorrounding dtructure.  Tibial advancement is controlled by the plantar band.  As the tibia advances, the keel begins to bend & foot start to dorsiflex.  The plantar band begins to tighten, controlling the rate that the keel bends.  Other foot this occurs due to flexible keel.  Most elastic keel feet have limited ability of rotation.  Rotation occurs due to movement of flexible keel within the rubber housing.
• 45. o Terminal stance:-  Heel rise is controlled by the stiffness of the keel.  Tibial advancement occur and weight transferred onto forefoot.  Keel extends all the way into the toe area.  No rocker effect.  Elastic keel feet eliminates the need for a rocker effect and provide a smoother roll- over.  SAFE II foot has additional control during dorsiflexion & heel rise as tension is applied to plantar bands.  Bands allows gradual stiffening of the forefoot to create a semirigid lever during terminal stance.  Other foot rely on flexibility of keel.  Elastic keel compressed.  In preswing a sense of energy returns is there.  Ref:- Michelle M. Lucardi, Orthotics and prosthetics in rehabilitaion, 2nd edition,
• 46.  Indications:-  Individual with a moderate need for accomodation to uneven terrain.  Alternative for the prosthetics user who would benefit from the multiaxial foot but does not want the maintenance or weight characteristic.  Contraindications:- o Extremely active patient who prefer a stiffer keel.  Advantages:- 1. Provide a very smooth gait pattern. 2. Stair climbing or descent and incline negotiation is easy. 3. Range of motion and torque absorption is possible.  Disadvantages:- Spongy feel may be disliked for those who needs greater sense of stability.
• 47.  Options for high-performances prosthetic user.  Most prosthetic foot designed to substitute normal foot-ankle motion.  Many foot are unable to meet increased performances demand on running & jumping.  Prosthetic foot with energy storing capabilities absorbs and store forces during loading and release this forces during push-off.
• 48.  Seattle foot:-  First commercially available energy storing foot.  Structure:-  One-piece keel of synthetic material embedded in a foam foot shape.  The keel provides a unique combination of stiffness & flexibility to absorb force.  Cadence increases, time spent on the forefoot increases.  During terminal stance keel compresses, absorbs more & more energy.  As foot is unloaded in preswing, the stored energy released and aid in progression.
• 49.  Carbon copy II Foot:- Energy storing foot Structure:-  keel- composed two strong deflection plate, made out of carbon graphite plate  the longer deflection plate terminate at the distal Ip joint.  shorter upper plate activated under high load.  Plates are available in 3 levels of resistance.  Provide little mediolateral stability.
• 50.  Quantum foot:-  Nonarticulated foot.  Keel is in the form of spring module.  Consists of two deflection plate attached to the Ankle base.  Keel projects forward towards metatarsophalangeal Joint & backward at heel.  Simulated plantarflexion & impact absorption is Provided by the heel deflection plate.  Lower plate stores & returns energy during last half’ of the stance phase.  Upper plate acts as a spring in case of high forces.  Spring module encased in semiflexible cosmetic shell Which yields to medial & lateral loads. Upper deflection plate lower deflection plate
• 51.  Flex walk foot:-  Made out of carbon graphite composite.  Keel extends upto MT joint line and constitute a heel That substitute cushion heel.  Heel portion comes in two varieties. Low and high Heeled shoe.  It resists torsion.  Provide little inversion and eversion movement.  Encased in a plastic foam cosmetic cover.
• 52.  Flex foot:-  Distal part is same as flex walk foot.  Keel extends from MT joint line to the bottom of the socket or to the knee units for AK amputee.  Keel forms the shank of the prosthesis. Shank acts as a long leaf spring, stored more energy than Other foot.  Lighter than any other foot ankle complex.  It requires sufficient space between residuam and floor.
• 53.  Indications:- 1. High demand activities . 2. When maximum late stance dorsiflexion is desired. 3. When frequent changes in cadence or velocity is necessary or when walking on inclines. 4. Long arc of dorsiflexion protect the sound limb against execessive vertical force.  Contraindication:- Amputee with relaxed gait and household ambulation.  Advantages:- 1. Most user able to walk with less difficulty and more energy efficiency over a range of grades & speeds. 2. Wide variety of stiffness available acc. To the need of the patient.  Disadvantages:- 1. Designed to deform under loading condition, if not sufficient force is there, it become very stiff and unaccomodating. 2. Cost is high.
• 54.  At initial contact & loading response:-  Shock absorption during early stance is comparable to the other classes.  Cushion heel compresses to absorb the shock.  Control of plantarflexion is also affected by the stiffness in the heel. o At midstnace:-  Do not have significant ground accomodation  Stiff elastic keel feet.  Rubber and foam shell minimal accomdation of terrain.  No true inversion/eversion .  In split toe allows some degree of coronal plane motion. o At terminal stance:-  Significant difference in tibial advancement.  As cadence increases to running , extra stiffness is required during midstance into terminal stance.  Tibial advancement is controlled by stiffness of keel.  The shaft advances, keel deflects, absorbs forces generated during deflection and resists rapid advancement.
• 55. o Progression of heel rise is related to stiffness of the keel. o As the shaft continues to advance, the keel continues to deflect and the foot dorsiflexes as weight progresses onto the forefoot. o The keel extended upto distal end of the foot. o No rocker action. o Extended keel provide necessary support. o In high loading activity progression onto the forefoot occurs through a smooth arc of dorsiflexion as the keel continues to deform under the increasing load throughout this phase. o Keel deflection and dorsiflexion are now at their maximum points. o Stiff yet flexible keel has allowed maximal dorsiflexion without sacrificing support to the amputated side, the runner is allowed a longer stride length. o As unloaded keel begins to decomoress to return to its original shape, creating a spring action.
• 56.  Indication:- 1. When late stance dorsiflexion is desired. 2. When frequent changes in cadence or velocity is necessary. 3. When walking on inclines.  Contraindication:-  For users unable to generate enough forces to deform.  Advantages:- Walk with less difficulty and more energy efficiency over a range grades and speeds.  Disadvantages:-  Cost is high.  Stiff if enough forces is not applied.
• 57.  Hybridizing the properties of different classes, primarily by combining dynamic response feet with multi-axis attributes.  The traditional classification system has become outdated .  Proposed subsets could include: 1. Forefoot Keel 2. Heel Lever 3. Hindfoot Roller 4. Flexing Strut 5. Forefoot Inversion/Eversion 6. Multiaxis Hindfoot 7. Integrated Shock
• 58. 1. Forefoot keel:-  The Forefoot Keel is characteristic of the most basic ESAR foot/ankle mechanism with any number of materials and configurations.  The Forefoot Keel can be a single-bladed member or consist of multiple separate members.  Stiffness is directly dependent on the cross section, material, keel length, and geometry.  Some designs use multiple layers that collapse progressively,.  others use a urethane sandwich, which has a smoothing effect on the load progression
• 59.  2. Heel Lever:-  The Heel Lever emulates the heel rocker, which contributes to load acceptance and ankle plantarflexion characteristics.  Many foot/ankle mechanisms simply use a cushion heel that simulates plantarflexion by compression.  such as the Flex-Foot Mod III, a heel lever projects posteriorly from the forefoot keel or midfoot attachment, and often provides stiffer support than a cushion heel.  Recent designs have used multiple levers, linkages, urethane bumpers or a urethane sandwich to simulate the progressive stiffness of the anatomical foot and ankle
• 60.  3 Hindfoot Roller:-  A Hindfoot Roller mechanism used by many foot/ankle mechanisms uses a rocker element mounted on a footplate to approximate the ankle rocker from loading response to midstance.  This mechanism emphasizes the rotary motion of the ankle rocker to ease the transition from loading response.  When configured as a complete circular mechanism that wraps superiorly, the Hindfoot Roller can also function indirectly in shock absorption by emulating midtarsal dorsiflexion. Excessive rocker function in late midstance would be nonphysiologic, leading to a loss of support in late stance.
• 61.  4. Flexing Strut:-  A Flexing Strut proximal socket attachment originated with the Flex-Foot design.  Incorporate the forefoot keel in one integrated structure.  The strut is usually a wide rectangular cross section.  Using continuous fibers in the strut composition insures maximum flexibility and strength.  All these Flexing Strut designs offer the greatest amount of energy return.  The longer the continuous fibers are in the lay-up of the composite, the greater the amount of bending flexion that can occur.
• 62.  5. Forefoot Inversion-Eversion:-  Forefoot Inversion-Eversion split-toe design.  Other designs are more integrated, molding different durometer materials or members together within the foot so there are not necessarily articulating parts.  Some designs create a forefoot composite urethane sandwich.  The damping characteristics of the forefoot may limit the desired energy return,.
• 63.  6. Multiaxis Hindfoot:-  A Multiaxis Hindfoot as an articulating component with urethane rubber bumpers, bushings, spherical snubbers, or large rings to dampen motion.  Separate modular ankle unit that can be used with a variety of prosthetic feet, or it may be integrated into the foot/ankle mechanism itself.  Multiaxis articulating designs often need regular maintenance and servicing.  Some variants extend the urethane sandwich from the forefoot to the hindfoot,
• 64.  7. Integrated Shock Absorbers:-  It incorporate shock absorbers in a parallel or series configuration.  A series configuration is usually found with a damper more proximal to the spring-like foot.  A parallel design has a damper and spring at the same level.  The telescoping nature of many shock absorbers onsidered Nonphysiologic.  Design will be able to provide more variable stiffness or flexibility characteristics.  Future components are sure to continue this blending of qualities to provide greater foot function and movement. Absorber in series Absorber in parallel
• 65.  Heel height and type of shoes.  Standard prosthetic heel height is ¾ inch.  Foots ability to resist moisture.  Users activity level and body weight.  Vocational and recreational activity must be concluded.
• 66.  Ranger foot:-  SACH Foot.  Wooden or nylon keel  For Level 1 ambulator.  Keel extended upto ball of the foot.  Separated great toe.  Below the keel there is one reinforcement.  Good cushioning effect is present.  Ref:- www.endoliteindia.com
• 67.  Auqalimb:-  A waterproof prosthesis with integral shin designed for barefoot use in the shower and wet environments.  The moulded components allow fast assembly.  Integral shin and cosmesis  Full alignment device included  Anti-slip tread pattern on sole
• 68.  Navigator foot:-  The stability and comfort provided by the navigator multi-axial prosthetic foot with flexible keel ensures that activity  level 2 users are safer on uneven ground.  The ankle center is positioned anatomically to promote a natural gait from heel strike to toe off.  Multi-axial flexible keel  Integrated ankle joint  Adjustable foot stiffness  Extended toe lever  Sandal toe  Footshell and glide sock included
• 69.  PAH Foot:-  Offers a combination of multi-axial ankle with unique , user adjustable heel height facility  Suites lady patients who wants to wear shoe with variable shoe height.  Heel height adjustment 12mm to 45mm  Size range 22cm to 25cm
• 70.  Espirit foot:-  The esprit foot is a low profile foot for Level 3 users.  It provide excellent energy response and is an ideal foot for longer residual limbs .  Low profile foot with e-carbon springs  Lightweight and easy to finish  Tri-pod design with split toe  Footshell and glide sock included
• 71.  Epirus foot:-  The Epirus foot is a low profile multi-axial prosthetic foot for Level 3 activity.  Multi-axial ankle motion with tri-pod stability  Independent e-carbon foot springs  Ground compliance and energy efficient response  Foot shell with cosmetic attachment plate  Footshell and glide sock included 
• 72.  Elite foot:-  A lightweight prosthetic foot for Activity Level 3 – 4 users.  The independent e-carbon foot springs provide .  vertical shock absorption as well as efficient and responsive energy return.  It is designed for high impact, all terrain walking. as well as a variety of recreational sports  Enhanced e-carbon foot springs  Ground compliance from Tripod System  Split toe Lightweight design  Low build height and easy to finish  Footshell and glide sock included.
• 73.  Elite blade ,& elite blade VT:-
• 74.  Echelon foot & Echelon VT:-
• 75.  Javelin:-  The Javelin prosthetic foot offers the Level 3 user good energy response over a range of low to moderate impact sports and activities.  Its blade style design is lightweight and ideal for variable cadence walking.  Small sizes available e-carbon foot with independent springs  Dynamic pylon enhances shock absorption  Easy to finish cosmetically  Footshell and glide sock included  Low Profile or full length pylon
• 76.  Avalon:-  Latest hydraulic foot.  It enhances walking confidence because it hydraulically adjusts to inclines and steps  Range of true motion, not just foot deflection  Self align foot.  The toes dorsi-flex after mid stance and remain elevated during swing phase providing increased ground clearance for safety and efficiency.  Hydraulic ankle provides plantar and dorsi-flexion.  Ergonomic keel for ease of rollover.  Single valve adjuster Sandle toe allows different footwear styles.
• 77.  Elan:-  Microprocessor controlled speed& terrain response  Adaptive dorsi-flexion and plantar-flexion  Variable response to speed changes  Foot response increases as incline increases  Batteries contained within ankle  No ungainly battery or program devices to be attached proximally  Footshell and glide sock included.  Sensors continuously monitor environmental feedback and the algorithm changes the foot characteristic to offer the safest, most comfortable and energy efficient response on the flat, descending or ascending ramps and stairs.  The hydraulic ankle control ensures silent operation and sinuous movement  biomimetically matches the Activity Level 3 user’s body and walking style.
• 78. 1. Carbon Feet 2. Dynamic Feet 3. Greissinger Plus Foot 4. Adjust Foot 5. SACH+ feet 6. Single-Axis Feet 7. Light Cosmetic Feet 8. Chopart Foot Plate 9. Sports Feet Ref:- www.ottobock.com
• 79. Carbon foot:- 1. Axiton foot 2. Trias foot 3. Axiton DP foot 4. Advantage DP2 Foot 5. C-Walk 6. Lo rider foot 7. Triton 8. Springlite 9. prosymes
• 80.  Axiton foot:-  Ideal for leisure sports such as basketball and tennis  High energy return  Suitable for low structural heights  Lightweight  Shock absorption of the heel impact  Individually adjustable through heel wedges  Suitable for mobility levels 3 and 4
• 81.  Trias foot:-  Lightweight carbon fibre construction in an attractive design  Flexible heel shock absorption and physiological rollover  Excellent energy return  Controlled movement patterns  Adapts to various walking speeds and surfaces  Reduces stress on the sound limb  Excellent durability thanks to modified base spring  Normal and slim footshell
• 82. Axiton DP foot:- ideal for demanding users who are active in sports light construction of carbon and polyurethane offers high energy return, absorption of vibrations and moderate multi-axiality enables rotation of up to 8° in every direction supports a natural gait pattern multiple adapter options recommended for mobility grades 3 and 4
• 83.  Advantage DP2 Foot:-  Very dynamic  Moderate multiaxial function  Lightweight yet durable  Good shock absorption  Suitable for demanding activities  Recommended for Mobility Grades 3 and 4
• 84. C-Walk:-
• 85. Lo rider foot:-  Dynamic foot for Symes amputees  Very low structural height can be supplied without pyramid adapter  Low weight  High energy return  Recommended for Mobility Grades 3 and 4
• 86. Triton :-  Easily adaptable to the individual user via the supplied heel wedges  Two footshells are available (slim: 15 mm heel height/normal: 10 mm heel height), both with sandal toe  Suitable for users up to 150 kg  Recommended for mobility grade 3 and 4  The innovative and proven concept of the  Trias® was the basis for the development of the Triton family of products.
• 87.  Springlite:-  Made to order according to individual patient data  No weight and foot size limitation  Pylon available in three lengths  High energy return  Suitable for Otto Bock Mobility Grades 3 and 4
• 88. Prosymes:- Correction of the foot position during trial fitting as well as after completion of the prosthesis Clearance of only 43 mm.
• 89. Dyanamic foot:-  Proven combination of contoured core and functional foam  Can be supplied with installed titanium adapters  Natural shape with formed toes  Recommended for Mobility Grades 1 and 2
• 90.  Dyanamic Motion:-  Progressive ankle moment  Comfortable heel strike with noticeable plantar flexion  Physiological rollover  Optimized anterior/posterior and medial/lateral mobility  High energy return  Dynamic transition from stance to swing phase  Suitable for Mobility Grades 2 and 3
• 91.  Greissinger Plus Foot:-  Multi-axial function to compensate for uneven surfaces  Individually adjustable due to elastomers in three degrees of stiffness  Good rollover properties  Plantar flexion  Natural shape  Suitable for mobility levels 2 and 3
• 92.  Adjust Foot:-  Stable stance, even when weight is transferred between the prosthesis and the sound limb Multi-axial behavior to compensate for uneven surfaces Adjustable heel stiffness for adaptation to the individual requirements and gait pattern of the amputee without the need for realignment of the prosthesis Light weight construction Suitable for mobility grade 1 and 2 Attractive and functional footshell with removable connection cap comes in 2 versions – normal shape (heel height 10 mm ± 5 mm | 3/8˝ ± 3/16˝) and small shape (heel height 20 mm ± 5 mm | 3/4˝ ± 3/16˝)
• 93. SACH+ feet:- Combination of contoured synthetic core and functional foam Comfortable heel strike Various heel heights, foot shapes and colours Colour: The SACH+ foot 1S101 is available in the colours beige and light brown, the CAH feet 1S102 and 1S103 are available in beige Improved resistance against water Easier to clean Recommended for mobility grades 1 and 2
• 94.  Single-Axis Feet:-  Especially suitable for transfemoral fittings  High level of security Natural appearance  Recommended for Otto Bock Mobility Grade 1.
• 95. Pedilan:- •The light 1G9 Pedilan® Single-Axis Foot is an alternative to the 1G6 Light Cosmetic Foot. Because it provides dampened plantar flexion, •it complements the needs of low-activity patients who wear the 3R40 modular knee or a similar knee joint. It is supplied with the connection cap 2R63 for use with the cosmetic foam cover. •sizes from 23 to 27 centimeters. • It is suitable for a weight of up to 75 kilograms / 165 pounds. • We recommend the foot for limited indoor walkers with Mobility Grade
• 96.  Light with Natural Shape :-  Suitable for Mobility Grade 1  Lightweight  Secure heel strike  Natural shape  suitable for all amputation levels in patients with limited mobility.  It is available in sizes from 23 to 27 centimeters and  is appropriate for use of a maximum weight of up to 75 kilograms / 165 pounds.
• 97. Chopart Foot Plate:-  The Chopart foot plate has very minimal clearance and is suitable for partial-foot amputations as well as Chopart, Pirogoff or Syme amputations.  The plate can be attached to the socket with the bonding kit.  The Chopart foot plate foot shell is available in two colors –  beige and light brown
• 98.  Sports Feet:-  It is exceptionally lightweight and the unique spring contour provides high propulsion and low resistance
• 99. 1. Soleus 2. Soleus tactical 3. Velocity 4. Onyx 5. Venture 6. Trustep 7. Tribute 8. Celsus 9. Accent 10. Truper Ref:- www.collegepark.com
• 100.  Soleus:-  The first to incorporate Integrated Spring Technology (iST®) into the design, the Soleus produces natural movement, smooth transitions and superior range of motion. It accommodates a moderate activity lifestyle up to the highest impact Paralympic athlete.
• 101. Soleus tactical:- With a lighter, stronger and more rugged design, the Soleus Tactical can overcome barriers whether on the front line or the home front. Specifically engineered for extra agility and durability for the heroes among us.
• 102. Velocity:- Delivering a lower profile, the Velocity’s coupled toe springs work together to provide a progressively smooth roll-over. It combines high functionality and low maintenance, with easy heel adjustment capabilities for fine-tuning.
• 103. Onyx:- Four degrees of plantar-dorsiflexion Angle Control and adjustable Stride Control™ for fine-tuning gait. With the integrated foreheel & shank, the Onyx foot delivers balanced energy return composite springs with ideal comfort and enhanced terrain compliance.
• 104. Venture:-  With an enhanced toe lever and tri-axial design, the Venture provides higher frequency dynamic response for more active users. The highly functional, custom gait matched design includes College Park’s exclusive Stride Control feature, providing effortless fine-tuning without disassembly.
• 105. Trustep:-  Original and unrivaled, the Trustep sets the standard for unsurpassed comfort and durability. Carefully and individually crafted to provide anatomically correct movement in all planes, the foot allows for natural gait and optimal performance on any terrain
• 106. Tribute:- • The Tribute brings stable footing and dependable performance on varied terrain . • ideal for low to moderate impact individuals. • Precisely gait matched, the true multi-axial design and full-length toe lever provide the user better control and stability.
• 107. Celsus:- • The Celsus brings functionality into the K2 market, combining proven durability with controlled stability. • Its balanced design and natural function provide smooth, stable transitions. • The perfect lightweight foot to promote confidence and security for lower impact patients.
• 108.  Accent:-  The Accent provides 2”of heel height adjustment through the simple push of a button. With superior cosmetic finishing options in a service-free foot design, it accommodates the most demanding footwear preferences.
• 109. Truper:-  The durable Truper was designed to combine stability, dynamic response and two flexible size ranges to take on the toughest of childhood challenges.  The foot’s dynamic response stores and releases energy for a smooth and controlled transition from standing to running.
• 110. 1. Flex foot 2. Proprio foot 3. Shock –rotation 4. Classic 5. Multi-axial 6. Low impact 7. Sports 8. Other Ref:- www.ossur.com
• 111.  PROPRIO FOOT :- offers an unprecedented level of mobility and stability for a world that is not flat. The powered ankle motion, intelligent terrain adaptation, and natural function of PROPRIO FOOT make it the most life-like prosthetic foot available.
• 112. LP rotate with EVO:- •LP Rotate with EVO offers the ideal combination of rotational control and shock absorption in a •highly dynamic foot for active amputees. •Added comfort and protection, through rotational and vertical shock absorption •Improved rotational control when turning •Great energy return •EVO (Energy Vector Optimization) feature for smoother, more efficient rollover.
• 113.  Re-Flex Rotate with EVO:-  Durable, high performance foot that provides both vertical and rotational shock absorption  Ideal for very active or moderately active users, especially those participating in activities such as golf.
• 114.  Re-flex shock with evo:-  Offering great energy return and superb shock absorption for active people,  The recent addition to Össur’s Flex-Foot line is a robust,  High-performance foot that’s ideal for heavy-duty activities and high-impact sports
• 115. Vari-Flex® XC with EVO:- •The Vari-Flex XC combines superb dynamics and comfort for a range of activities. •The Vari-Flex XC with EVO provides impact reduction and smooth roll-over which is designed to accommodate hiking and jogging, as well as level ground walking. •The EVO technology ensures fluid, natural gait with a smooth roll-over motion. •A more natural gait reduces fatigue and puts less strain on the lower back and sound side.
• 116. Very flex rotate:- •Central to the Vari-Flex XC Rotate is the respected ‘torsion cell’, which makes it easier to turn while simultaneously helping to reduce rotary forces on the knee joint and shear forces on the residual limb. •The dual carbon keel lessens the impact of vertical forces, while the EVO feature within the foot cover helps to enhance stance control and roll-over motion, boosting overall walking comfort
• 117.  LP Vari-Flex® with EVO:-  For amputees, it ensures the highest levels of confidence and security. Offering natural gait with less fatigue and ultimately less strain on the lower back and sound side, it is the ideal foot for any activity. The new EVO feature enables amputees to experience natural gait progression by utilizing the foot plate to its fullest potential. A more natural gait reduces fatigue and puts less strain on the lower back and sound side.
• 118.  Vari-Flex® with EVO:-  The Vari-Flex with EVO is lightweight, easy to assemble and its slender profile makes it easy to cover cosmetically. And for amputees it ensures the highest levels of confidence and security. Offering natural gait with less fatigue and ultimately less strain on the lower back and sound side, it is the ideal foot for any activity.
• 119.  Vari-Flex® Modular:-  J-shaped foot module is cut to specific length offering highest energy return and active tibial progression characteristics  Split-toe enhances ground compliance  Male pyramid or T-Connector
• 120. Flex-Foot® Axia:- Flex-Foot Axia is a low profile, multiaxial foot that offers improved terrain conformance and guided roll-over response. Designed to replicate the action of the anatomical foot, the Guided Roll-Over feature increases lateral stability of the foot allowing for more balanced motion during stance and increased comfort
• 121.  Talux:-  The tarsal core and Achilles Strap provide multi-axial function, while the Achilles Strap enhances forward motion, giving users ideal proportions of balance and agility.  Talux now comes with a sandal toe, to accommodate a greater variety of footwear options.  Emulating many of the anatomical features of the human foot, the Talux has been specially designed to provide fluid, natural walking motion in a variety of terrains, for amputees of low to moderate activity.
• 122.  Balance foot J:-  Combining stability and fluid, natural movement, the Balance Foot J is a great solution for new amputees and slow-speed walkers.  The foot incorporates a cushioned heel designed to provide stability and comfort at heel strike, while the unique EVO feature helps to promote an easy, natural roll-over. A carbon composite toe ensures a lifelike boost of energy as the user pushes off.  In mimicking the movement of the human foot, from heel-strike right through to toe-off, the Balance Foot J with its full length keel provides excellent stability, support and energetic forward progression
• 123.  Flex-Foot® Assure:-  The Flex-Foot Assure is ideal as a first prosthesis or a more permanent option for the less active, particularly those experiencing poor vascular health and/or diabetes.  Designed specifically for slower speed walkers,  Flex-Foot Assure incorporates an active heel combined with the full-length keel that work together to protect the vulnerable sound limb. The proven design and simple fit of Assure allows basic ambulators to take advantage of premium technology just right for them.
• 124.  Flex-Foot® Balance :-  The Flex Foot Balance is a comfortable multi-axial foot for less dynamic variable cadence K3 walkers  It's stability, durability, and comfort make it an optimal foot for your beginning K-3 amputee. The multi-axial design offer a smooth transition from heel strike to toe off which is absent in most competitively priced feet.  An ideal option as a preparatory foot!
• 125.  K2 Sensation:-  K2 Sensation is a comfortable and stable walking foot for the low active amputee.  It provides a flexible full length fiberglass keel with just enough energy return promoting confidence and stability for low active users.  The multiaxial function is intended to mimic natural movements in addition to providing a smooth progression from heel strike to toe off, providing all the comfort necessary for low impact activities.
• 126.  Sure flex:-  For amputees with low activity levels who seek a smoother, easier stride.  Sure-Flex is a practical, lightweight and energy storing foot that allows simulated ankle motion.  This foot meets the basic needs of amputees who require a comfortable foot with smooth roll over characteristics and low energy return
• 127. •Cheetah Xtend® with Nike Spike Pad:- •Cheetah design is the perfect companion for longer sprints and short distance running (400-m). This highly effective carbon fiber blade is beautifully curved right round toward the toe, a shape which helps to produce a smooth rollover. The longer, flatter toe enhances push off, while the plantar-flexed attachment pylon supports better forward progression. Ideal for high-active sprinters and short distance runners (above- and below-knee), the Cheetah Xtend is lighter than the Cheetah Xtreme option. From start to finish, it provides a winning combination of responsiveness and comfort.
• 128.  Cheetah Xtreme® with Nike Spike Pad :-  Designed specifically for fast, short-distance sprints (100-200m), the carbon blade features a more extreme curve. This dynamic shape allows the foot to flex more and, as a result, offers a powerful energy kick.  A longer, flatter toe enhances push off, while the  attachment pylon (plantar-flexed at seven degrees) supports better forward progression.  Ideal for high-active sprinters (above- and below-knee),  .
• 129.  Cheetah:-  The Flex-Foot Cheetah blade is a custom-built, high performance carbon fiber foot designed primarily for sporting activities. It is the product of choice for elite amputee athletes around the world,  This is the optimal sprinting foot for both transtibial and transfemoral amputees. It attaches posterior to the socket, making it agile, strong and a proven performer for professional athletes around the world.
• 130.  Flex-Run™ with Nike Sole :-  For more than two decades, the Össur Flex- Run has enabled amputees of all abilities to achieve their athletic goals, whether that be a jog in the park, a triathlon, or an ultramarathon. Now, the new Össur  Flex-Run with Nike Sole elevates the original and undisputed leader in distance running feet to the next level
• 131.  Chopart:- •Selected by category according to the weight and impact • of the user, this 100% carbon keel is designed to be a flexible • and durable solution for the longest amputation levels and •partial foot prostheses. Includes a 10mm heel height for compatibility with standard Flex-Foot® shells and low-heel shoes. Recommended for Chopart but also recommended for Lisfranc, Pirogoff, Boyd, and partial foot prostheses. Chopart is specifically designed for people with Chopart amputations as well as Lisfranc, Pirogoff, Boyd and partial foot prostheses.
• 132. Elation:- •Elation is easily adjusted between up to 2 inches at the touch of a button, Tthe foot’s progressive stiffening feature adapts automatically to the load applied, • Ensuring a comfortable, steady gait
• 133.  Flex Foot Junior:-  designed for children.  The low profile, energy storing foot module features a sandal toe shape and an integrated male pyramid.  The particular layering of carbon fiber is carefully designed to complement the varied gait of children.  Deflection of the forefoot from mid-stance to toe-off is proportional to the child's weight and is designed to tolerate the high levels of impact generated by children.
• 134.  Flex-Symes :-  Extremely low build height with active heel and alignment options.  The Flex-Symes foot design is based on the well known Flex-Foot concept - a carbon foot module connected to an actively deflecting carbon heel.  The improved alignment adapter now offers angulation and adjustments in ML / AP planes.
• 135.  PACIFIC LP:-  Choice of two low profile designs, each perfect for amputees with long residual limbs or those needing more build space  Lp requires less than 2” of clearance lightweight and update  Foot lies within foot shell, so cosmetic finishing is simplified perfect balance of flexibility and durability-choose from 9 stiffness categories and  low moderate.  High impact level related up to 365 lbs,. Ref:- www.pointernational.net
• 136.  Senator prosthetic foot:-  Lightweight, energy return design with 6 Stiffness categories facilitates smooth, easy stride and durability.  Foot is not pre-bonded to foot shell simplifying the use of heel wedges to improve alignment.  Ideal for low to moderately active amputees weighing up to 300 Ibs (136 Kg)
• 137.  Highlander:-  Engineered for activity amputees with long residual limbs Split toe provides excellent inversion-eversion  Transfemural amputees favor this due to its ideal blend of stability and action can be designed for exoskeletal systems and amputees weighing up to 500 lbs  ¦
• 138.  Settle Foot:-  The Seattle active Foot was designed to provide amputees with more function and comfort than the standard sach.  Its molded keel has a rocker bottom to allow for easy rollover while maintaining light weight.  Most significantly, the Seattle incorporates a beautiful Light Foot cosmesis.  The Seattle Foot meets the requirements of all lower limb amputees with low to medium activity levels particularly those who are considered to have a K1 Functional level.  It is especially appropriate for new amputees, who initially require  more rollover assistance during gait.
• 139.  Silhoutte VS:-  Vertical shock absorption softens impact at heel strike to provide comfort and preserve and residual limb health.  Multi Axial function and +/- 15 degree of inversion eversion provide excellent ground compliance and stability the light weight Slim profile design facilitates an easy to achieve  cosmetic finish capable of pleasing the most  discerning critic.  Activity level : 3
• 140.  Dyanamic Foot:-  Good rollover  Pro & supination for good adaption to different terrain.  Separate toe.
• 141. Seattle natural Foot:-  The Seattle natural Foot has the performance characteristics of a compliant foot with the traditional Light Foot cosmesis.  Its Delrin keen is lightweight and uniquely designed to propel the amputee from one step to the next.  The Seattle Natural Foot appropriate for individuals with low to medium-low activity levels, i.e. Function Level K2.
• 142.  Thrives foot:-  Responds automatically when lifting or carrying heavy objects.  A unique dual keel design utilizes a full-length primary keel and a secondary, load-activated keel to ensure consistent response.  Responds to variable loads of up to 30% of the user's body weight split toe construction with+/-15 degrees of inversion and eversion creates multi-axial groung compliance for dynamic control on irregular surfaces.  Carbon fibre and sole plate design provides 11mm of vertical shock absorption for increased control and comfort.
• 143.  Sihoutte prosthetic foot:-  High science feels high style.  Slim profile and advance materials technology facilities easy and refined cosmesis  strong, lightweight carbon-fiber construction allows user to walk father, faster, using less energy.  Multi axial rotation delivers extended range of motion and exceptional stability  Advanced dual heel system provides a dynamic response for normal ambulation  an override spring for security during higher activity.  Ideal for low to moderate impact K3 amputees option of short or tall profile¦
• 144.  Runway Adjustable Prosthetic Foot:-  The only user adjustment heel height foot designed for active K3 amputees  Allows the amputees to elevate the heel up to 2” with the push of a button alignment remains consistent.  Providing exceptionally smooth gait and no alignment changes at heel heights.  Highest weight limit among adjustable heel products-255 lbs.
• 145.  Genesis II:-  The genesis II flexes in multiple directions and provides the needed supportive action whether the user is playing a roundof golf, moving on a basketball court or using a climbing motion.  The intricate function of the human foot can be 'left' by genesis II users.  Energy storage for better response.  Light weight and durable.  Activity: Suitable for all activity levels, assisted walking to high level work and sports.
• 146.  Genesis II Plus:-
• 147.  Genesis Low Profile:-