Pesticides are chemical compounds that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants (weeds). Over different pesticides are used around the world.
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Pesticides are used in public health to kill vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes, and in agriculture to kill pests that damage crops.
By their nature, pesticides are potentially toxic to other organisms, including humans, and need to be used safely and disposed of properly. They are among the leading causes of death by self-poisoning, and this burden is felt disproportionately in low- and middle-income countries.
Many of the older, cheaper (off-patent) pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and lindane, can remain for years in soil and water. These have adverse effects on larger parts of the ecosystem and can accumulate in the food chain. These chemicals have been banned by countries who signed the Stockholm Convention.
The general population is exposed to low levels of pesticides through food and water, and these are not typically cause for concern. People at higher risk of adverse health effects are those who work directly with pesticides, such as agricultural workers, and those who are in the immediate area when pesticides are applied. People not involved with applying the pesticide should avoid the area during and immediately after its use.
WHO recommends reducing the use of pesticides when possible. First, determine to what extend the use of pesticides are actually needed. Look for ways to solve the issue with non-chemical pest management where possible.
If pesticides are necessary, seek products with the lowest risk to human health and the environment.
When using pesticides, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for application and personal safety. In many cases, personal protective equipment (PPE) is appropriate to avoid direct contact with the pesticide and minimize exposure during handling and application.
International conventions, such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent, provide a means for countries to protect their populations from exposure to toxic pesticides. Successful implementation of these conventions requires information about the incidence and circumstances of pesticide exposures, and about the health impact of exposure. In many countries such information is still lacking.
Chemicals on the farm can be dangerous. Common agricultural chemicals (agrichemicals) include fuels, solvents, insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilisers and veterinary chemicals. Farmers need to take care when storing, transporting, using and disposing of chemicals to ensure their own safety; their neighbours’ safety and that of the environment.
Any chemical should be treated with extreme caution and only ever used according to the instructions. Vapours or direct exposure can lead to a variety of acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) health effects. Health effects can include headache, poisoning, burns, birth defects, nervous system disorders and some cancers.
Hazardous materials are required by law to include a Safety Data Sheet (SDS – previously known as a Material Safety Data Sheet or MSDS) and label. The SDS gives valuable information on how to safely handle the chemical. Before using any farm chemical, be sure to read the label, understand the SDS and do a chemical users course (such as ChemCert). Always follow usage instructions.
To further reduce the risks, consider replacing hazardous chemicals with less toxic options. Sometimes, a safer form of the product is available. For example, pellets may be used instead of powder.
Agricultural chemicals may be purchased in various concentrations and forms (such as liquids, powders, granules and pellets), depending on their intended use. Many of the more potent chemicals require the farmer to have completed chemical training to enable purchase and use.
Commonly used agrichemicals include:
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The effects of chemical exposure depend on the type of chemical and the degree of exposure. If chemicals are swallowed, absorbed through the skin or inhaled as a mist, vapour or dust, some of the immediate effects can include:
If you notice any of these symptoms after being exposed to chemicals, seek immediate medical attention.
It is very important to report any adverse outcomes from agrichemical use to the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority .
Some long-term effects of chemical exposure can include:
Manufacturers and importers are required to supply a Safety Data Sheet (SDS) that details information on the chemical, including:
It is important that you research chemicals prior to purchase to ensure that you buy the most suitable and least dangerous chemical available to do the job you require.
SDSs can be found online to assist in safe and effective chemical choices and should be thoroughly read before use and kept in an accessible place for reference.
Suggestions for the safe storage of chemicals include:
Suggestions for the safe transporting of chemicals include:
Suggestions for the safe use of chemicals include:
Suggestions for the safe disposal of chemicals include:
provides for the safe collection and recycling of cleaned chemical containers (through the program) and the collection of unwanted rural, agricultural and veterinary chemicals (through the program).
If you think someone is suffering ill effects from chemical exposure:
If use of a chemical has caused you ill-effects, try to avoid using it in the future. Select the safest possible chemical to use and follow the MSDS.