The molecular formula of Solvent Blue 36 is C20H22N2O2.
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What is the molecular weight of Solvent Blue 36?The molecular weight of Solvent Blue 36 is 322.4 g/mol.
What is the IUPAC name of Solvent Blue 36?The IUPAC name of Solvent Blue 36 is 1,4-bis(propan-2-ylamino)anthracene-9,10-dione.
What is the InChI of Solvent Blue 36?The InChI of Solvent Blue 36 is InChI=1S/C20H22N2O2/c1-11(2)21-15-9-10-16(22-12(3)4)18-17(15)19(23)13-7-5-6-8-14(13)20(18)24/h5-12,21-22H,1-4H3.
What is the InChIKey of Solvent Blue 36?The InChIKey of Solvent Blue 36 is BLFZMXOCPASACY-UHFFFAOYSA-N.
What is the canonical SMILES of Solvent Blue 36?The canonical SMILES of Solvent Blue 36 is CC(C)NC1=C2C(=C(C=C1)NC(C)C)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=O.
What is the CAS number of Solvent Blue 36?The CAS number of Solvent Blue 36 is -37-5.
What is the ChEMBL ID of Solvent Blue 36?The ChEMBL ID of Solvent Blue 36 is CHEMBL.
What is the UNII of Solvent Blue 36?The UNII of Solvent Blue 36 is NEH7L3Y1P1.
The preparation involves three critical stages:
Reduction of 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone : The quinone moiety is reduced to its leuco form using zinc powder in an alkaline medium. This step enhances reactivity for subsequent alkylation.
Condensation with Isopropylamine : The leuco intermediate reacts with isopropylamine under acidic catalysis (e.g., acetic acid) to introduce the alkylamino groups.
Oxidation to Restore Conjugation : The product is oxidized to regenerate the anthraquinone structure, yielding the final dye .
Temperature : 80–85°C (reflux conditions in ethanol).
Catalysts : Anhydrous sodium sulfate acts as a desiccant, while acetic acid facilitates protonation of the amine .
Pressure : Subatmospheric conditions (≤0.08 MPa) to prevent side reactions .
Industrial production prioritizes yield, purity, and cost efficiency. The following parameters are optimized for large-scale manufacturing:
Data derived from analogous syntheses (e.g., Solvent Blue 35) suggest the following mass ratios for this compound :
ComponentMass Ratio (Relative to 1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone)Ethanol7.5–10Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate0.75–1Acetic Acid0.25–0.4Isopropylamine1.5–3.5Solvent System : Ethanol is preferred for its ability to dissolve both hydrophilic and hydrophobic intermediates, facilitating homogeneous reaction conditions.
A typical industrial batch process involves:
Reactor Charging : Sequential addition of ethanol, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, sodium sulfate, acetic acid, and isopropylamine.
Reflux and Stirring : Maintained for 1–4 hours to ensure complete alkylation.
Distillation : Removal of ethanol and unreacted amine via steam distillation.
Neutralization and Isolation : Adjusting pH with aqueous sodium hydroxide, followed by filtration and drying .
Yield : 95–97% under optimized conditions.
Purity : ≥97% achieved through repeated washing with hot water and solvent recrystallization .
While Solvent Blue 35 employs n-butylamine, this compound uses isopropylamine, altering solubility and thermal properties. The table below highlights critical differences:
ParameterThis compoundSolvent Blue 35Alkylamine Isopropylaminen-ButylamineSolubility in Ethanol 5 g/L (20°C)15 g/L (20°C)Thermal Stability 280–300°C260–280°CColor Hue Bright BlueGreenish-BlueThe shorter branched chain of isopropylamine enhances solubility in non-polar solvents (e.g., dichloromethane: 150 g/L) , making this compound preferable for polycarbonate and acrylic resins.
Post-synthesis purification ensures compliance with industrial standards:
Hot Water Washes : Remove residual acetic acid and sodium sulfate.
Alkaline Treatment : Neutralizes acidic byproducts, minimizing impurity carryover.
UV-Vis Spectroscopy : Confirms λ_max at 600–610 nm, characteristic of anthraquinone dyes.
HPLC : Quantifies purity (>97%) and detects trace impurities .
Melting Point Analysis : Verifies consistency with literature values (176–178°C) .
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This compound’s optimized synthesis supports its use in:
Plastics Coloring : Compatible with ABS, PMMA, and PC resins due to high thermal stability.
Fuel Marking : Solubility in hydrocarbons enables use as a tracer dye.
Inks and Coatings : Imparts stable coloration under UV exposure .
Solvent Blue 36 is employed as a visual marker in various chemical reactions. Its vibrant color allows researchers to track reaction progress and visualize products effectively. This application is particularly useful in studies where monitoring the transformation of reactants to products is crucial.
In biological research, this compound serves as a staining agent for microscopy. It can highlight specific cellular structures or components, enhancing contrast and aiding in the visualization of samples under a microscope. This application is significant in histology and cytology, where precise identification of cellular features is necessary.
Recent studies have explored the potential of this compound in drug delivery systems . Its solubility properties make it a candidate for encapsulation within polymer matrices, allowing for controlled release of therapeutic agents. This application could lead to advancements in targeted drug delivery methods.
The compound has been utilized in ecological studies as a tracking agent for rodent bait consumption. By incorporating this compound into bait formulations, researchers can monitor and quantify bait uptake in wildlife studies, providing insights into animal behavior and ecological impacts.
This compound is widely used in the plastics industry for coloring various resins such as:
Its ability to impart a deep blue hue while maintaining clarity makes it an ideal choice for manufacturers seeking high-quality colorants.
The dye is also incorporated into inks and coatings due to its excellent solubility in organic solvents. It provides vibrant coloration and stability, making it suitable for use in printing inks, automotive paints, and protective coatings.
In addition to industrial applications, this compound has been explored for use in cosmetics, particularly in products requiring vibrant coloration without compromising safety standards.
A study conducted by environmental scientists utilized this compound to track the consumption of rodent bait among wildlife populations. The dye's distinct color allowed researchers to assess bait uptake rates effectively, contributing valuable data for pest control strategies and ecological impact assessments.
Research published in a pharmaceutical journal investigated the encapsulation of this compound within polystyrene nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. The study demonstrated that the dye could enhance the release profile of encapsulated drugs while providing visual tracking capabilities during experiments.
While this compound has numerous applications, it is essential to consider its safety profile. Some studies have reported allergic reactions associated with its use in consumer products like felt-tip markers. Regulatory assessments indicate that when used appropriately, this compound poses low risks to human health and the environment .
Solvent Blue 36 is compared with other similar anthraquinone dyes such as Solvent Blue 35 and Solvent Blue 102:
Solvent Blue 35: Has n-butyl groups instead of isopropyl groups, resulting in slightly different solubility and color properties.
Solvent Blue 102: Contains methylamino groups, which affect its solubility and application in different resins.
Uniqueness: this compound is unique due to its high solubility in organic solvents, brilliant color, and stability under various conditions. It is particularly favored in applications requiring high clarity and heat resistance .
Solvent Blue 36, a member of the anthraquinone dye family, is primarily used in various industrial applications, including textile dyeing and plastic coloring. However, its biological activity has garnered attention due to potential health impacts, particularly concerning toxicity and developmental effects. This article explores the biological activity of this compound through a review of relevant studies, highlighting its toxicological profiles, mechanisms of action, and implications for health.
Research indicates that this compound exhibits developmental toxicity. In laboratory assessments, it has been classified as a potential developmental toxicant, impacting embryonic development in various models. The critical non-cancer health effects associated with this compound include:
While genotoxic effects have not been conclusively established for this compound, it is part of a broader group of anthraquinones that have raised concerns regarding potential carcinogenicity. The structural similarities with other anthraquinones suggest a need for caution in exposure assessments:
The biological activity of this compound can be attributed to its interaction with cellular components. The mechanisms include:
A review of available literature reveals several case studies examining the biological effects of this compound:
Solubility can be assessed using UV-Vis spectroscopy or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Prepare saturated solutions in target solvents (e.g., ethanol, chloroform, benzene) under controlled temperatures (20–25°C). Centrifuge to remove undissolved particles, then measure absorbance at λ_max (~600–700 nm for anthraquinone dyes). Calibration curves using known concentrations are essential for quantification. Solvent selection should align with its low water solubility and high affinity for non-polar solvents like chlorobenzene .
Use a combination of analytical techniques:
Q. What safety protocols should be followed when handling this compound in laboratory settings?
Q. Which spectroscopic techniques are suitable for characterizing this compound’s electronic properties?
Conduct accelerated stability studies by dissolving the compound in buffered solutions (pH 3–10) and monitoring degradation via HPLC over time (e.g., 24–72 hours). Control temperature (e.g., 25°C vs. 40°C) and light exposure to isolate degradation pathways. Compare chromatograms to identify breakdown products .
Perform thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under inert (N₂) and oxidative (air) atmospheres to compare decomposition pathways. Pair with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify volatile degradation byproducts. Replicate studies across multiple labs to control for instrumentation variability, and publish raw data to enhance reproducibility .
Use density functional theory (DFT) to calculate Hansen solubility parameters and solvation free energies. Validate predictions experimentally via cloud-point titration or dynamic light scattering (DLS) in solvent blends. Cross-reference with empirical solubility databases to refine models .
Employ solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C18 cartridges to concentrate the compound from aqueous matrices. Analyze via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) for high sensitivity. Include isotopic labeling (e.g., ¹³C) as internal standards to correct matrix effects .
Q. How should researchers design studies to evaluate the photostability of this compound in polymer matrices?
Use surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to quantify binding affinities with proteins (e.g., serum albumin). Pair with molecular docking simulations to identify binding sites. Validate toxicity via in vitro assays (e.g., MTT for cell viability) and Ames tests for mutagenicity .